Abstract: Biofloc Technology (BFT), an environmentally sustainable aquaculture approach, harnesses in situ microbial processes to purify water, supply supplemental nutrition, and suppress pathogens, thereby serving as a cornerstone for advancing sustainable aquaculture. This review systematically addresses core technical challenges inherent in BFT applications, with particular emphasis on constraints stemming from species-specific physiological requirements, the diversity and economic feasibility of carbon sources, dynamic fluctuations in critical water quality parameters, and overall system stability. Our analysis underscores that precise control of the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, judicious selection of carbon sources, efficient dissolved oxygen (DO) management, continuous alkalinity replenishment, and stable regulation of suspended solids are fundamental to maintaining system functionality. To overcome these challenges, we integrate key strategies—including optimized carbon supplementation protocols, refined microbial community management, innovative aeration system design, and intelligent real-time monitoring technologies. Finally, we delineate future development pathways for BFT, focusing on standardization, intelligent automation, multi-trophic integration, and enhanced energy efficiency, thereby offering theoretical foundations to accelerate its adoption at industrial scale.

Key words: biofloc technology, common technologies, key challenges, systematic solutions, future directions

摘要： 生物絮团技术（Biofloc Technology, BFT）作为一种环境友好型水产养殖模式，通过原位调控微生物过程实现水质净化、提供额外饲料并抑制病原体，被视为推动水产养殖可持续发展的重要路径。本研究基于现有文献，系统综述了BFT应用中的核心共性技术难点，深入剖析了养殖生物物种特异性、碳源选择的多样性与经济性、系统关键要素的动态变化特性与系统稳定性之间的多重制约关系。分析表明，精准调控碳氮比（C/N）与碳源类型、高效管理溶解氧、持续补充碱度以及稳定控制悬浮固体，是保障系统稳定运行的关键。进一步归纳了优化碳源策略、强化微生物管理、创新曝气设计及智能化监控等解决方案，并对BFT技术向标准化、智能化、多营养层次整合及提升能源效率的未来发展方向进行了展望，旨在为推动其产业化应用提供理论参考。

关键词: 生物絮团技术, 共性技术, 关键挑战, 解决方案, 发展方向