摘要： 探究凡纳滨对虾工程化养殖池塘在春、夏、冬三季中水质、对虾生长和经济效益分析的差异。对2023—2024年春（温棚）、夏（露天）、冬（温棚）三季进行对虾养殖试验，定期监测水质参数：pH、透明度、溶氧（DO）、水温（WT）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）、氨氮（TAN）、总氮（TN）、化学需氧量（COD）及对虾体质量变化，分析其与养殖时间的关系及季节间差异，并评估最终养殖产量和经济效益。结果显示：NO2--N、TAN、TN、COD水平均随养殖时间延长而累积升高，关键水质指标存在显著季节差异：夏季WT、DO、TN、COD显著高于春、冬两季（P<0.05）；春、冬季NO2--N显著高于夏季（P<0.05）；冬季TAN显著高于春、夏季（P<0.05）；夏季池水透明度最低（P<0.05）。夏季对虾生长速度显著快于春、冬季温棚（P<0.05），春季温棚对虾前期（<60 d）生长慢于冬季，但后期（>70 d）显著反超（P<0.05）。凡纳滨对虾体质量（w）随天数（d）增长关系为：春季：w = 0.0005×d2.3111（R2=0.944 5）；夏季w = 0.0006×d2.4402（R2 = 0.985 3）；冬季：w = 0.0022×d1.9697（R2 = 0.951 1）。冬季温棚模式下的养殖产量和成本利润率最高，显著优于春季温棚和夏季露天养殖（P<0.05），具体为：冬季温棚（103%）>春季温棚（84%）>夏季养殖（83%）。研究表明，凡纳滨对虾工程化养殖，水质稳定、产量高、效益好。不同季节的凡纳滨对虾工程化养殖中，冬季温棚模式是最盈利的模式。

关键词: 凡纳滨对虾, 工程化养殖, 水质, 生长, 经济效益

Abstract: This study investigated the differences in water quality, shrimp growth, and economic benefits of engineered ponds for Litopenaeus vannamei across the spring, summer, and winter seasons. Shrimp farming experiments were conducted in a greenhouse during the spring and winter and outdoors during the summer of 2023—2024. Water quality parameters, such as pH, transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature (WT), nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), were regularly monitored, as were changes in shrimp body weight. We analyzed the relationship between these parameters and the time of cultivation, as well as the seasonal differences. Finally, we assessed the total yield of the shrimp and the economic benefits. The results showed that: NO2--N, TAN, TN, and COD levels accumulated and increased with extended farming duration. Key water quality indicators exhibited significant seasonal differences. Summer WT, DO, TN, and COD levels were significantly higher than in spring and winter (P<0.05). Spring and winter NO2--N levels were significantly higher than in summer (P<0.05). Winter TAN levels were significantly higher than in spring and summer (P<0.05). Summer pond water transparency was lowest (P<0.05). The shrimp growth rate was significantly faster in summer breeding than in spring and winter greenhouses. In spring greenhouses, shrimp growth was slower than in winter during the early stage (less than 60 days), but it significantly surpassed winter growth during the later stage (more than 70 days) (P<0.05). The relationship between body weight (w) and days (d) for Litopenaeus vannamei growth is as follows: Spring: w = 0.0005×d2.3111 (R2 = 0.944 5); summer: w = 0.0006×d2.4402(R2 = 0.985 3); winter: w = 0.0022×d1.9697(R2 = 0.951 1). The winter greenhouse model achieved the highest production yield and Cost Profit Margin, significantly outperforming the spring greenhouse and summer open-air farming models (P<0.05): winter greenhouse (103%), spring greenhouse (84%), and summer farming (83%). Research indicates that engineered farming of Litopenaeus vannamei offers stable water quality, high yields, and good economic returns. Among the different seasonal engineered farming models (greenhouse and open-air) for Litopenaeus vannamei, the winter greenhouse model is the most profitable.

Key words: Litopenaeus vannamei, engineered farming, water quality, growth, economic benefits