The continuous accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus during zero water exchange biofloc culture is difficult to deal with, while floating duckweed (Lemna minor) is regarded as a plant with good water treatment ability, and in view of its aquaculture benefits as a feed supplement, so in order to better explore the duckweed-biofarming system for P. vannamei, the present study was set up to investigate the floating duckweed group (DG) and control group (CG) for a 45-day experiment with P. vannamei . At the beginning of the experiment, 40 g (wet weight) of duckweed was placed in the net box of GD. Fresh duckweed was fed every day in addition to the normal feed, and the amount of feed was adjusted according to the body weight of P. vannamei measured every week. Results indicated that DG achieved significantly lower levels of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total nitrogen (TN), phosphates (PO43--P), and total phosphorus (TP) by 13.7%, 11.6%, 12.5%, and 11.8%. The growth metrics in DG were all significantly higher than those in CG (P < 0.05). The crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein of the shrimp in DG were (2.37±1.13)%, (2.48±0.35)%, and (19.63±0.64)%, showing significant differences compared to CG (P < 0.05). The levels of ASP, Gly, Met, Leu, Lys, and Arg in DG were also significantly different from those in CG (P < 0.05). The muscle hardness, chewiness, and water-holding capacity of the P. vannamei in DG were significantly higher than those in CG (P < 0.05). The enzyme activity tests indicated that the shrimp in the DG exhibited a significant enhancement in antioxidant and digestive capacities (P < 0.05). Based on these findings, incorporating duckweed in biofloc shrimp systems can purify water and enhance the growth performance, muscle quality, antioxidant capacity, and digestive enzyme activities of P. vannamei.