Ultrasonic biotelemetry is a kind of acoustic telemetry technology which uses acoustic transmitters to mark and track aquatic organisms. Since its first application in 1956, it has been widely used in telemetering many aquatic animals in oceans, rivers, estuaries, lakes and reservoirs. It is the most effective method to study the behavior characteristics of aquatic animals in natural waters. However, the research of this technology in China is relatively few. Related papers of this research field are analyzed, comprehensively summarized and discussed. The research progress at home and abroad and the system composition of ultrasonic biotelemetry are summarized. This paper summarizes the classification of methods, working principle, differences between and application conditions of different ultrasonic biotelemetry, and analyzes the application prospect and problems of the technology in modern domestic fishery, providing some reference for the application of the technology in China.