With the rapid development of intensive culture of shrimp, the pursuit of high yield coupled with excessive feeding leads to the aggravation of NH4+-N, NO2−-N and sulfide pollution in the aquaculture water, which seriously harms the growth and physiological function of shrimp. This study used heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria (HHVEN1 and SDVEA2) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (GHWS3 and GHWS5) screened from shrimp aquaculture environment to successfully construct two efficient denitrification/desulfurization bacterial consortia NS1-1 and NS2-2, and explored their denitrification and desulfurization capabilities. The results showed the NS1-1 consortium displayed removal rates exceeding 95% for NH4+-N, NO2−-N and sulfide, and NS2-2 exhibited removal rates of 90.27%, 97.38%, and 89.62%, respectively, all of which were superior to a single strain. The bacterial consortia NS1-1 and NS2-2 can exert maximum denitrification/desulfurization efficiency under the culture conditions of temperature 20~35 ℃, carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N) 5~20, salinity 20~30, and utilizing glucose or sodium succinate as the carbon source. The optimum pH ranges of the two consortia were different, with NS1-1 favoring 7.5~8.0 and NS2-2 preferring 7.0~8.5. The bacterial consortia NS1-1 and NS2-2 had good coexistence among various strains in aquaculture tailwater. NS1-1 and NS2-2 displayed effective removal rates of 78.75%, 75.09%, 79.61%, and 81.44%, 62.68%, 72.64% for NH4+-N, NO2−-N and sulfide in practical aquaculture tailwater, respectively. The research shows that the bacterial consortia NS1-1 and NS2-2 have high-efficiency denitrification/desulfurization removal efficiency and exceptional environmental adaptability, providing scientific support for eliminating nitrogen and sulfur pollution in the aquaculture environment.