In aquaculture, the pond ecosystem includes natural mature period and artificial maintenance period. When the aquaculture capacity is improved, the oxygen demanded by breathing of aquaculture organisms increases continuously, and under oxygen deficient condition, the organics will decompose into hazardous substances, which has influences on aquaculture production. The main mechanism to maintain stability of pond ecosystem is as follows: through exchange of water layers up and down and balancing of nutrient elements, strengthen photosynthesis, increase the transformation scale of nutrient substances and improve primary productivity; form efficient aeration mechanism centered on ecological aeration and supplemented by mechanical aeration. With ecosystem of aquaculture pond in China as object of study, the ecological mechanism of aquaculture pond, theory of dissolved oxygen in water, mechanisms of action of aerator and mechanical property of different aerators are analyzed and discussed, and aerator configuration for bulk freshwater fish polyculture pond and several typical monoculture ponds is proposed, thus providing technical reference for aerator configuration of pond aquaculture system.