Effects of different water color and transparency on the growth traits and physiological stress indexes of Litopenaeus vannamei were studied to provide reference for the suitable water color and transparency adjustment of recirculating aquaculture system of shrimps. The pool water was adjusted to green, blue and yellow by adding different pigments, test groups with transparency of 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm were set, and seawater with transparency after filtering above 100 cm was taken as the control group. After selecting 2340 tails of Litopenaeus vannamei with an initial body weight of (1.86±0.02) g, they were randomly divided into 13 groups based on 60 tails per pool, with 3 replicates in each group, for a 2-month aquaculture experiment. The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of shrimp in the green water with transparency of 60cm were higher than those in test groups and control group with other water colors, but the survival rate of the control group was the highest. In green and blue water with different transparency, the epinephrine (E), cortisol (COR), CAT activity and SOD activity of the shrimp were not significantly different from those in the control group, indicating that the two water colors would not cause stress and oxidative damage to the shrimp. In yellow water, the E and COR of the shrimp were higher than those in other groups, and increased with the increase of transparency, which indicated that yellow water could produce certain stress to the shrimp. Its SOD activity was significantly lower than that in other groups and the control group, indicating that the yellow water would affect the immune performance of the shrimp and reduce its antioxidant capacity. The study shows that it is not appropriate to adjust the water color to yellow in the circulating water test system, but the growth performance and physiological stress of Litopenaeus vannamei in clear water and green and blue water are not adversely affected.