Intensive bait farming can lead to a continuous deterioration of the environment at the bottom of the farming area, which limits the sustainable development of aquaculture. In this study, the marine photosynthetic bacteria collected from the sludge near the sewage outlet of Weihai Golden Beach were enriched, separated and preliminarily identified. Under the simulated natural aquaculture environment, the dominant strains were selected for the pond sediment treatment test (upper water body, lower sediment). The improvement effect of the two strains on the sediment was analyzed and compared. Two dominant photosynthetic bacteria PSB1 and PSB2 respectively belonging to Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodobacter were obtained. The sediment treatment test results show that both PSB1 and PSB2 can stabilize the water pH and degrade the sulfide, ammonia nitrogen and CODMn in the water. PSB1 has the best effect in treatment of sediment when: 1‰ of PSB1 is added, the pH in water is 6.98-7.33, and the degradation rates of CODMn, sulfide, ammonia nitrogen and NO2--N in the sediment are respectively 92.91%, 79.61%, 97.00% and 73.56%. The results show that photosynthetic bacteria can promote the improvement of water quality and maintain the good quality of lower water body, and has a good application prospect in aquaculture.