LED light source has the advantages of energy saving and environmental protection, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, which can meet the demand for green, efficient and intelligent development of factory farming. To investigate the effect of LED culture lights on the muscle quality of Litopenaeus vannamei in the biofloc system, two treatment groups were set up: the LED light group (L group) and the natural light group (N group). The culture experiments were conducted over an 8-week period, utilizing larvae L. vannamei as the study material. The larvae had a mean body length of 5.23 ± 0.61 cm and a mean body mass of 1.52 ± 0.47 g. The illumination parameters of the L group were a mixture of blue-green light (green light 545 nm, blue light 450 nm); the photoperiod was 15L:9D; the light intensity was 2000 Lux. The experimental results showed that there were no significant differences in conventional nutrients (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash) between L group and N group (P>0.05). A total of 18 amino acids were detected in muscle. The contents of threonine (Thr), tyrosine (Tyr), arginine (Arg), glycine (Gly) and ∑EAA/∑NEAA in the muscles of the L group were significantly higher than those of the N group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of essential amino acids (EAA), semi-essential amino acids (HEAA) and aromatic amino acids (DAA) (P>0.05). A total of 37 fatty acids were found in muscle. The contents of C12:0, DHA and EPA+DHA in the muscle of shrimp from the L group were significantly higher than those from the N group (P<0.05). The contents of C21:0, C20:3n-3, C20:3n-3 and C22:5n-6 were significantly lower than those in the N group (P<0.05). The results indicate that the LED light parameter could improve the nutritional quality of the muscle of L. vannamei.