In order to realize the dynamic collection of aquaculture environment information, the wireless transmission of data and the remote monitoring of results, a small unmanned marine aquaculture environment detection system was designed based on 4G (the fourth generation mobile communication), LoRa (long distance wireless communication) and genetic algorithm. The system takes the small unmanned ship as the carrier, takes the STM32 as the control core, uses the 4G and LoRa as the data wireless transmission means and the shore based computer (PC) or the cloud platform as the upper computer. By carrying the genetic algorithm, and based on the inspection coordinates given by the host computer, the patrol inspection and data uploading of the seawater in the region can be completed automatically, with which users can view data through browsers, mobile phones and other means. The experiment showed: there is high consistency between the data collected by pH and dissolved oxygen with data measured with the calibrated instrument, between which the maximum temperature deviation is 0.5OC, and the driving distance is greatly reduced before it is not optimized. It can be concluded that the system has a very important theoretical and applied value for its good accuracy and stability, convenience and easiness to use.