Targeting the problem of ocean buoys data being attacked and stolen by hackers, and based on analyzing the operating mechanism of Beidou ocean buoy system, an attribute-based encryption ocean buoy data security management system was designed and proposed in this paper. In order to achieve fine-grained access control of ocean buoy data, this system contained three subsystems including data encryption and decryption, data management and key management, meanwhile, the process of data storage and data request were designed to manage the transfer of buoy data between data requester and data owner. Furthermore, the system was implemented based on the open source JPBC cryptographic library and popular front-end and back-end technologies, and compared with multiple encryption schemes. The results showed that the encryption scheme used in this paper had significant advantages in encryption efficiency and fine-grained buoy data sharing. Compared with the traditional buoy data management system, this system combined symmetric encryption and attribute-based encryption technologies to realize the security protection of buoy data and the fine-grained sharing of data. The research results provided references for buoy data security management, and promoting fishery informatization and modernization development.